Important notes for CBSE Class 12 all subjects.

CBSE Class 12th all subjects:

Key Topics:

Calculus:

Differentiation formulas: ddx(xn)=nxn−1, ddx(sin⁡x)=cos⁡x.

Integration formulas: ∫xndx=xn+1n+1+C.

Applications of differentiation (tangent, normal, maxima, minima).

Matrices and Determinants:

Properties of determinants, finding the inverse of a matrix using adjoint.

Probability:

Conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem.

Vectors and 3D Geometry:

Vector product, scalar triple product.

Key Topics:

Electrostatics and Current Electricity:

Coulomb’s law: F=kq1q2r2.

Ohm’s law: V=IR, Kirchhoff’s laws.

Magnetism and EMI:

Faraday’s law: E=−dΦdt.

Optics:

Lens maker’s formula: 1f=(μ−1)(1R1−1R2).

Modern Physics:

Einstein’s photoelectric equation: E=hν−ϕ.

Key Topics:

Physical Chemistry:

Nernst equation: E=E0−RTnFln⁡Q.

Rate laws and integrated rate equations.

Organic Chemistry:

Name reactions: Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, and more.

Mechanisms for nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic addition.

Inorganic Chemistry:

Hybridization and bonding in coordination compounds.

CBSE Key Topics:

Genetics and Evolution:

Mendel’s laws of inheritance, dihybrid cross.

Biotechnology:

Tools (restriction enzymes, vectors) and techniques (PCR, gel electrophoresis).

Human Physiology:

Hormonal regulation and the endocrine system.

Ecology:

Energy flow in ecosystems, food chains, and food webs.